UV light assisted degradation of acid orange azo dye by ZVI-ZnS and effluent toxicity effects.

Azo dyes, the most common synthetic dyes used in the textile industry, are known xenobiotic compounds and recalcitrant to conventional degradation treatments. As consequence, such contaminants are often discharged into the effluents, treating aquatic ecosystems. Among several processes, the use of zero valent iron (ZVI) represents a suitable alternative to degrade organic molecules containing azo bonds. However, its applications are limited by corrosion and loss of reactivity over the time. To overcome these constraints, ZVI has been coupled to a suitable semiconductor (ZnS) to get a catalytic composite (ZVI-ZnS) active under UV light. The present work deals with the degradation of acid orange (AO7), used as model azo dye, by UV/ZVI-ZnS, as one step treatment and in combination with an adsorption process by biochar. The influence of ZVI-ZnS concentration (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 g/L) and reaction time (0-160 min) on degradation of AO7 were investigated. Intermediates formation was monitored by ESI-FT-ICR-MS analysis and the effluent toxicity was assessed by using Artemia franciscana. The experimental results showed that the UV/ZVI-ZnS process at 1 g/L of catalyst allowed to achieve a removal of AO7 up to 97% after 10 min. An increase of the dye relative concentrations as well as the toxicity related to intermediates formations has been observed for treatment time higher than 10 min. The total removal of AO7 together with effluent toxicity reduction was obtained only after the combined treatment (UV/ZVI-ZnS + biochar).

A Green Bioactive By-Product Almond Skin Functional Extract for Developing Nutraceutical Formulations with Potential Antimetabolic Activity.

(1) Background: almond peels are rich in polyphenols such as catechin and epicatechin, which are important anti-free-radical agents, anti-inflammatory compounds, and capable of breaking down cholesterol plaques. This work aims to evaluate the biological and technological activity of a "green" dry aqueous extract from Sicilian almond peels, a waste product of the food industry, and to develop healthy nutraceuticals with natural ingredients. Eudraguard® Natural is a natural coating polymer chosen to develop atomized formulations that improve the technological properties of the extract. (2) Methods: the antioxidant and free radical scavenger activity of the extract was rated using different methods (DPPH assay, ABTS, ORAC, NO). The metalloproteinases of the extracts (MMP-2 and MMP-9), the enhanced inhibition of the final glycation products, and the effects of the compounds on cell viability were also tested. All pure materials and formulations were characterized using UV, HPLC, FTIR, DSC, and SEM methods. (3) Results: almond peel extract showed appreciable antioxidant and free radical activity with a stronger NO inhibition effect, strong activity on MMP-2, and good antiglycative effects. In light of this, a food supplement with added health value was formulated. Eudraguard® Natural acted as a swelling substrate by improving extract solubility and dissolution/release (4) Conclusions: almond peel extract has significant antioxidant activity and MMP/AGE inhibition effects, resulting in an optimal candidate to formulate safe microsystems with potential antimetabolic activity. Eudraguard® Natural is capable of obtaining spray-dried microsystems with an improvement in the extract's biological and technological characteristics. It also protects the dry extract from degradation and oxidation, prolonging the shelf life of the final product.

Tetrasubstituted Pyrrole Derivative Mimetics of Protein-Protein Interaction Hot-Spot Residues: A Promising Class of Anticancer Agents Targeting Melanoma Cells.

A new series of tetrasubstituted pyrrole derivatives (TSPs) was synthesized based on a previously developed hypothesis on their ability to mimic hydrophobic protein motifs. The resulting new TSPs were endowed with a significant toxicity against human epithelial melanoma A375 cells, showing IC50 values ranging from 10 to 27 µM, consistent with the IC50 value of the reference compound nutlin-3a (IC50 = 15 µM). In particular, compound 10a (IC50 = 10 µM) resulted as both the most soluble and active among the previous and present TSPs. The biological investigation evidenced that the anticancer activity is related to the activation of apoptotic cell-death pathways, supporting our rational design based on the ability of TSPs to interfere with PPI involved in the cell cycle regulation of cancer cells and, in particular, the p53 pathway. A reinvestigation of the TSP pharmacophore by using DFT calculations showed that the three aromatic substituents on the pyrrole core are able to mimic the hydrophobic side chains of the hot-spot residues of parallel and antiparallel coiled coil structures suggesting a possible molecular mechanism of action. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis which includes solubility studies allows us to rationalize the role of the different substituents on the pyrrole core.

Chelating agents supported solar photo-Fenton and sunlight/H2O2 processes for pharmaceuticals removal and resistant pathogens inactivation in quaternary treatment for urban wastewater reuse.

In this work, Fe3+-iminodisuccinic acid (Fe:IDS) based solar photo Fenton (SPF), an Italian patented method, was investigated in quaternary treatment of real urban wastewater and compared to Fe3+-ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (Fe:EDDS) for the first time. Three pharmaceuticals (PCs) (sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine and trimethoprim) and four pathogens (Escherichia coli, somatic and F-plus coliphages, Clostridium perfringens, consistently with the new EU regulation for wastewater reuse (2020/741)), were chosen as target pollutants. SPF with Fe:EDDS was more effective in PCs removal (80%, 10 kJ L-1) than the SPF with Fe:IDS (58%), possibly due to the higher capability of generating hydroxyl radicals. On the contrary, Fe:IDS was more effective (4.3 log inactivation for E. coli) than Fe:EDDS (1.9 log) in pathogens inactivation, possibly due to a lower iron precipitation and turbidity which finally promoted an improved intracellular photo-Fenton mechanism. Fe:L based SPF was subsequently coupled to sunlight/H2O2. Interestingly, while its combination with Fe:EDDS based SPF slightly increased disinfectant efficacy (2.3 vs 1.9 log inactivation for E. coli), the combination with Fe:IDS decreased inactivation efficiency (3.4 vs 4.3 log reduction). In conclusion, due to the good compromise between PCs removal and disinfection efficiency, Fe:IDS SPF alone is an attractive option for quaternary treatment for urban wastewater reuse.

Untargeted metabolomic analysis by ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry for the profiling of new Italian wine varieties.

The chemical composition of wine samples comprises numerous bioactive compounds responsible for unique flavor and health-promoting properties. Thus, it's important to have a complete overview of the metabolic profile of new wine products in order to obtain peculiar information in terms of their phytochemical composition, quality, and traceability. To achieve this aim, in this work, a mass spectrometry-based phytochemical screening was performed on seven new wine products from Villa D'Agri in the Basilicata region (Italy), i.e., Aglianico Bianco, Plavina, Guisana, Giosana, Malvasia ad acino piccolo, Colata Murro and Santa Sofia. Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry data were processed into absorption mode FT-ICR mass spectra, in order to remove artifacts and achieve a higher resolution and lower levels of noise. Accurate mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) values were converted into putative elemental formulas. Therefore, 2D van Krevelen diagrams were used as a tool to obtain molecular formula maps useful to perform a rapid and more comprehensive analysis of the wine sample metabolome. The presence of important metabolite classes, i.e., fatty acid derivatives, amino acids and peptides, carbohydrates and phenolic derivatives, was assessed. Moreover, the comparison of obtained metabolomic maps revealed some differences among profiles, suggesting their employment as metabolic fingerprints. This study shed some light on the metabolic composition of seven new Italian wine varieties, improving their value in terms of related bioactive compound content. Moreover, different metabolomic fingerprints were obtained for each of them, suggesting the use of molecular maps as innovative tool to ascertain their unique metabolic profile.

COVID-19 and Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Perspectives.

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are frequently reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may impact patient clinical course and mortality. Although the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear, several potential mechanisms have been hypothesized, including oxygen supply/demand imbalance, direct viral cellular damage, systemic inflammatory response with cytokine-mediated injury, microvascular thrombosis, and endothelial dysfunction. The severe hypoxic state, combined with other conditions frequently reported in COVID-19, namely sepsis, tachyarrhythmias, anemia, hypotension, and shock, can induce a myocardial damage due to the mismatch between oxygen supply and demand and results in type 2 myocardial infarction (MI). In addition, COVID-19 promotes atherosclerotic plaque instability and thrombus formation and may precipitate type 1 MI. Patients with severe disease often show decrease in platelets count, higher levels of d-dimer, ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers, tissue factor, and prolongation of prothrombin time, which reflects a prothrombotic state. An endothelial dysfunction has been described as a consequence of the direct viral effects and of the hyperinflammatory environment. The expression of tissue factor, von Willebrand factor, thromboxane, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promotes the prothrombotic status. In addition, endothelial cells generate superoxide anions, with enhanced local oxidative stress, and endothelin-1, which affects the vasodilator/vasoconstrictor balance and platelet aggregation. The optimal management of COVID-19 patients is a challenge both for logistic and clinical reasons. A deeper understanding of ACS pathophysiology may yield novel research insights and therapeutic perspectives in higher cardiovascular risk subjects with COVID-19.

Healthberry 865® and Its Related, Specific, Single Anthocyanins Exert a Direct Vascular Action, Modulating Both Endothelial Function and Oxidative Stress.

In recent years, epidemiological studies have identified a relationship between diet and cerebro-cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this regard, there is a promising dietary group for cardiovascular protection are polyphenols, especially anthocyanins. Vascular reactivity studies were performed using Healthberry 865® and constituent single anthocyanins to characterize vasomotor responses; immunofluorescence analysis with dichlorofluorescein diacetate and dihydroethidium were used to evaluate nitric oxide and oxidative stress; lucigenin assay was used to measure NADPH oxidase activity; and gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting were used to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved. We demonstrated that Healthberry 865® exerts an important vasorelaxant effect of resistance artery functions in mice. Its action is mediated by nitric oxide release through the intracellular signaling PI3K/Akt. Moreover, behind its capability of modulating vascular tone, it also exerts an important antioxidant effect though the modulation of the NADPH oxidase enzyme. Interestingly, its cardiovascular properties are mediated by the selective action of different anthocyanins. Finally, the exposure of human dysfunctional vessels to Healthberry 865® significantly reduces oxidative stress and improves NO bioavailability. Although further investigations are needed, our data demonstrate the direct role of Healthberry 865® on the modulation of vasculature, both on the vasorelaxation and on oxidative stress; thus, supporting the concept that a pure mixture of anthocyanins could be helpful in preventing the onset of vascular dysfunction associated with the development of CVD.

Clinical conditions and echocardiographic parameters associated with mortality in COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recently recognized viral infective disease which can be complicated by acute respiratory stress syndrome (ARDS) and cardiovascular complications including severe arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes, myocarditis and pulmonary embolism. The aim of the present study was to identify the clinical conditions and echocardiographic parameters associated with in-hospital mortality in COVID-19. METHODS: This is a multicentre retrospective observational study including seven Italian centres. Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from 1 March to 22 April 2020 were included into study population. The association between baseline variables and risk of in-hospital mortality was assessed through multivariable logistic regression and competing risk analyses. RESULTS: Out of 1401 patients admitted at the participating centres with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, 226 (16.1%) underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and were included in the present analysis. In-hospital death occurred in 68 patients (30.1%). At multivariable analysis, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, P < .001), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE, P < .001) and ARDS (P < .001) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. At competing risk analysis, we found a significantly higher risk of mortality in patients with ARDS vs those without ARDS (HR: 7.66; CI: 3.95-14.8), in patients with TAPSE ≤17 mm vs those with TAPSE >17 mm (HR: 5.08; CI: 3.15-8.19) and in patients with LVEF ≤50% vs those with LVEF >50% (HR: 4.06; CI: 2.50-6.59). CONCLUSIONS: TTE might be a useful tool in risk stratification of patients with COVID-19. In particular, reduced LVEF and reduced TAPSE may help to identify patients at higher risk of death during hospitalization.

Vitamin D: Not Just Bone Metabolism but a Key Player in Cardiovascular Diseases.

Vitamin D is the first item of drug expenditure for the treatment of osteoporosis. Its deficiency is a condition that affects not only older individuals but also young people. Recently, the scientific community has focused its attention on the possible role of vitamin D in the development of several chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This review aims to highlight the possible role of vitamin D in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In particular, here we examine (1) the role of vitamin D in diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and obesity, and its influence on insulin secretion; (2) its role in atherosclerosis, in which chronic vitamin D deficiency, lower than 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L), has emerged among the new risk factors; (3) the role of vitamin D in essential hypertension, in which low plasma levels of vitamin D have been associated with both an increase in the prevalence of hypertension and diastolic hypertension; (4) the role of vitamin D in peripheral arteriopathies and aneurysmal pathology, reporting that patients with peripheral artery diseases had lower vitamin D values than non-suffering PAD controls; (5) the genetic and epigenetic role of vitamin D, highlighting its transcriptional regulation capacity; and (6) the role of vitamin D in cardiac remodeling and disease. Despite the many observational studies and meta-analyses supporting the critical role of vitamin D in cardiovascular physiopathology, clinical trials designed to evaluate the specific role of vitamin D in cardiovascular disease are scarce. The characterization of the importance of vitamin D as a marker of pathology should represent a future research challenge.

Cardiovascular Involvement in COVID-19: What Sequelae Should We Expect?

Several forms of cardiovascular involvement have been described in patients with Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome, acute heart failure, myocarditis, pericardial diseases, arrhythmias, takotsubo syndrome, and arterial and venous atherothrombotic and thromboembolic events. Data on long-term outcome of these patients are still sparse, and the type and real incidence of cardiovascular sequelae are poorly known. It is plausible that myocardial injury may be the initiator of an inflammatory cascade, edema, and subsequent fibrosis, but also a consequence of systemic inflammation. The extent and distribution of ongoing inflammation may be the basis for ventricular dysfunction and malignant arrhythmias. Indeed, preliminary observational findings seem to emphasize the importance of close monitoring of COVID-19 patients with myocardial injury after discharge. Residual subclinical disease may be effectively investigated by using second-level imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance, which allows better characterization of the type and extension of myocardial damage, as well as of the ongoing inflammation after the acute phase. In patients with venous thromboembolism, a very common complication of COVID-19, the type and the duration of anticoagulation therapy after the acute phase should be tailored to the patient and based on the estimation of the individual thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risk. Large randomized clinical trials are ongoing to address this clinical question. Whether the severity of cardiovascular involvement, the type of treatments adopted during the acute phase, and the hemodynamic response, may influence the long-term outcome of patients recovered from COVID-19 is unknown. An etiological diagnosis of myocardial injury during the hospitalization is the first step for an appropriate follow-up in these patients. After discharge, the screening for residual left and right ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, residual thrombosis, and myocardial scar should be considered on a case-by-case basis, whereas an active clinical surveillance is mandatory in any patient.

Poly(Ethylene Glycol)/ß-Cyclodextrin Pseudorotaxane Complexes as Sustainable Dispersing and Retarding Materials in a Cement-Based Mortar.

Pseudorotaxane complexes between ß-CD and mPEG derivatives bearing a carboxylic acid function (mPEG-COOH) were synthesized and investigated for their dispersing properties in a cement-based mortar. The formation of mPEG-COOH derivatives and their pseudorotaxanes was investigated by 1D nuclear magnetic resonance, diffusion ordered spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis experiments. Mortar tests clearly indicate that mPEG-COOH@ß-CD-interpenetrated supramolecules show excellent dispersing abilities. In addition, the supramolecular complexes show a retarding effect, analogously to other known ß-CD-based superplasticizers in which the ß-CD is covalently grafted on a polymeric backbone.

Untargeted analysis of pure snail slime and snail slime-induced Au nanoparticles metabolome with MALDI FT-ICR MS.

Chronic wounds result from the failure of the normal wound healing process. Any delay during the tissue repair process could be defined as chronic wound healing, potentially having a highly detrimental impact on human health. To face this problem, in the last years, the use of different technologies alternative to therapeutic agents is gaining more attention. The Helix aspersa snail slime-based products are increasingly being used for skin injury, thanks to their ability to make tissue repair processes faster. To date, a comprehensive overview of pure snail slime metabolome is not available. Besides, Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) technology is spreading rapidly in the medical environment, and the search for AuNPs "green" synthetic routes that involve natural products as precursor agents is demanded, alongside with a deep comprehension of the kind of species that actively take part in synthesis and product stabilization. The aim of this work is to characterize the metabolic profile of a pure snail slime sample, by an untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry-based analysis. In addition, insights on AuNPs synthesis and stabilization by the main components of pure snail slime used to induce the synthesis were obtained. The untargeted analysis provided a large list of important classes of metabolites, that is, fatty acid derivatives, amino acids and peptides, carbohydrates and polyphenolic compounds that could be appreciated in both samples of slime, with and without AuNPs. Moreover, a direct comparison of the obtained results suggests that mostly nitrogen and sulfur-bearing metabolites take part in the synthesis and stabilization of AuNPs.

Pistacia lentiscus Hydrosol: Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Mediated by NF-κB and the Citrate Pathway.

Pistacia lentiscus shows a long range of biological activities, and it has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of various kinds of diseases. Moreover, related essential oil keeps important health-promoting properties. However, less is known about P. lentiscus hydrosol, a main by-product of essential oil production, usually used for steam distillation itself or discarded. In this work, by using ultra-high-resolution ESI(+)-FT-ICR mass spectrometry, a direct identification of four main classes of metabolites of P. lentiscus hydrosol (i.e., terpenes, amino acids, peptides, and condensed heterocycles) was obtained. Remarkably, P. lentiscus hydrosol exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the secretion of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) activated primary human monocytes. In LPS-triggered U937 cells, it inhibited NF-κB, a key transcription factor in inflammatory cascade, regulating the expression of both the mitochondrial citrate carrier and the ATP citrate lyase genes. These two main components of the citrate pathway were downregulated by P. lentiscus hydrosol. Therefore, the levels of ROS, NO, and PGE2, the inflammatory mediators downstream the citrate pathway, were reduced. Results shed light on metabolic profile and anti-inflammatory properties of P. lentiscus hydrosol, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent.

Multiple threading of a triple-calix[6]arene host.

The synthesis of the triple-calix[6]arene derivative 6 in which three calix[6]arene macrocycles are linked to a central 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene moiety is reported. Derivative 6 is able to give multiple-threading processes in the presence of dialkylammonium axles. The formation of pseudo[2]rotaxane, pseudo[3]rotaxane, and pseudo[4]rotaxane by threading one, two, and three, respectively, calix-wheels of 6 has been studied by 1D and 2D NMR, DOSY, and ESI-FT-ICR MS/MS experiments. The use of a directional alkylbenzylammonium axle led to the stereoselective formation of endo-alkyl pseudo[n]rotaxane stereoisomers.

Use of Zea mays L. in phytoremediation of trichloroethylene.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a chlorinated aliphatic organic compound often detected as pollutant in soils and ground water. "Green technologies" based on phytoremediation were proven to be effective to reclaim organic pollutants (e.g. TCE) and heavy metals from different environmental matrices. In this work, we use Zea mays L. for the removal of high TCE concentrations from medium cultures. In particular, we investigated a sealed bioreactor where the growth medium was contaminated with an increasing amount of TCE, in the range 55-280 mg/L; the removal capability of the maize plants was assessed by means of GC-MS and LC-MS analyses. An accurate mass balance of the system revealed that the plants were able to remove and metabolise TCE with an efficiency up to 20 %, depending on the total amount of TCE delivered in the bioreactor. Morphometric data showed that the growth of Z. mays is not significantly affected by the presence of the pollutant up to a concentration of 280 mg/L, while plants show significant alterations at higher TCE concentrations until the growth is completely inhibited for [TCE] ≃ 2000 mg/L. Finally, the presence of several TCE metabolites, including dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acids, was detected in the roots and in the aerial part of the plants, revealing that Z. mays follows the green liver metabolic model. These results encourage further studies for the employment of this plant species in phytoremediation processes of soils and waters contaminated by TCE and, potentially, by many other chlorinated solvents.

Photocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic chloramphenicol and effluent toxicity effects.

Chloramphenicol sodium succinate (CAP, C15H15Cl2N2 Na2O8) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic exhibiting activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as other groups of microorganisms only partially removed by conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. Thus, CAP and its metabolites can be found in effluents. The present work deals with the photocatalytic degradation of CAP using TiO2 as photocatalyst. We investigated the optimization of reaction contact time and concentration of TiO2 considering CAP and its by-products removal as well as effluent ecotoxicity elimination. Considering a CAP real concentration of 25mgL(-1), kinetic degradation curves were determined at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2gL(-1) TiO2 after 5, 10, 30, 60 and 120min reaction time. Treated samples were checked for the presence of by-products and residual toxicity (V. fischeri, P. subcapitata, L. sativum and D. magna). Results evidenced that the best combination for CAP and its by-products removal could be set at 1.6gL(-1) of TiO2 for 120min with an average residual toxicity of approximately 10%, that is the threshold set for negative controls in most toxicity tests for blank and general toxicity test acceptability.

Assessment of perchlorate-reducing bacteria in a highly polluted river.

A 1-year monitoring experiment of the Sarno River basin was conducted during 2008 to evaluate the overall quality of the water over time and to compare the results with those obtained previously. The physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water course had not changed appreciably with respect to previous determinations, thus emphasizing the major contribution of untreated urban wastewater to the overall pollution of the river. Moreover, attention was paid to the perchlorate ion, one of the so-called emerging contaminants, which is widespread in natural environments and is known to have adverse effects on the human thyroid gland. Over the entire monitoring program, we did not find appreciable levels of perchlorate, although the particular environmental condition could support its development. Thus, a dedicated study was designed to assess the presence of bacteria that can reasonably reduce perchlorate levels. By enrichment and molecular procedures, we identified α- and ß-Proteobacteria strains, classified by 16S rDNA sequences as Dechlorospirillum sp. and Dechlorosoma sp., respectively. Further physiologic characterization and the presence of the alpha subunit gene (pcrA) of the perchlorate reductase in both strains confirmed the presence in the river of viable and active perchlorate dissimilatory bacteria.

Characterization of high purity lycopene from tomato wastes using a new pressurized extraction approach.

In this paper, a method for the extraction of high purity lycopene from tomato wastes is presented. The method is based on a pressurized extraction that uses the Extractor Naviglio, and it is performed in the 0.7-0.9 MPa range. Tomato skin, the byproduct deriving from manufacturing of tomato, in a water dispersion, are used as starting material. Lycopene is transferred, for the effect of the high pressure used, in the form of molecular aggregates into the water as a dispersion, while apolar compounds remain in the matrix. The aggregates are easily purified in a single subsequent step by using methanol, thus, obtaining lycopene at 98% chromatographic purity or higher. A new stationary phase, phenyl-hexyl silicone, and a simple water/acetonitrile gradient were used for HPLC analysis of lycopene. The extract was characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. An average recovery of 2.8 mg lycopene/kg tomato waste can be obtained after 4 hours of extraction and using tap water as the extracting liquid. The recovery percentage was of about 10%. The exhausted tomato byproduct can be easily dried and used in agriculture or as feeding for animals.

Renewable camphor-derived hydroperoxide: synthesis and use in the asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols.

Renewable enantiopure tertiary furyl hydroperoxide has been easily synthesized in two steps starting from low cost (+)-(1R)-camphor and it has been used in the asymmetric epoxidation and kinetic resolution of allylic alcohols (enantioselectivities up to 46%).